1 the definition of obesity: ­ obesity (aspect) refers to the long-term energy intake more than consumption, too much energy stored in the formation of fat in the body, fat gathered at the extent of the damage to health. Obesity and overweight is not the same thing, obesity is refers to the increase of fatty tissue in the body, while being overweight means the increase of weight relative to height or more than certain standard and reference value. Obesity is a disease caused by multiple factors, and affect the health of the individual, have many negative social consequences. 95% belong to simple obesity in children, and simple childhood obesity refers to exclude congenital genetic disease and metabolic disease and nervous, and endocrine disease caused by secondary pathological obesity, but simply by some life behavior factors caused by obesity. ­ human obesity, material civilization is highly developed modern society, the emergence of "civilization disease". Obesity is caused by the body adipose accumulation is overmuch, is not seen as "healthy" logo. Obesity not only affects the physical beauty, but also bring inconvenience to the life, more important is likely to cause a variety of complications, rapid aging and death. No wonder people say that obesity is a disease of the aura, the signs of aging. ­

2, the current social status obesity: ­ increasing childhood obesity has become a public health problem in the global attention. Childhood obesity in the developed countries or developing countries are rapidly rising trend. According to the WHO report, the global children's overweight rate close to 10%, obesity rate was 2% - 3%; Europe and the United States developed countries children are overweight rate is as high as 20% - 30%, obesity rate of 5% to 5%. Nearly 15 years, low socioeconomic status among children total rate of overweight and obesity rate increased from 10.4% to 29.3%, increased by 2 times, and high social and economic status of overweight and obesity rates increase from 13.0 to 21.7%, less than 1 times. ­ obesity among children is also increased year by year in our country. Southern fastest growing, the data reported, some areas in the past 15 years the boy obesity rate has increased by 9.6 times, increased by 4.9 times of the girls. Obesity among children in our country present city is higher than the countryside, in the social and economic status of the population has a higher growth rate of obesity, this is the opposite of developed countries. 7-22 cities in China in 2000 male obesity rate was 5.72%, the female is 2.94%; Rural were 1.90% and 1.15% respectively, there are significant differences between urban and rural areas. ­

3, the dangers of obesity: obesity make people not only bloated ­, burden, also can lead to high blood pressure, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiac ischemia, lower limb joint strain, such as disease, also can give a person very adverse psychological impact. Therefore, medical experts and scholars at home and abroad in recent years, are research and find effective way to lose weight. ­

(1) health and longevity of the enemy according to statistics, obesity complicated with cerebral embolism and the incidence of heart failure is twice as tall as that of a normal-weight person, CHD 2 times more than a normal body weight, incidence of hypertension 2 ~ 6 times more than a normal body weight, 4 times higher than normal about diabetes mellitus, merge cholelith disease are more normal 4 ~ 6 times higher, more serious is the lifespan of an obese person will be significantly reduced. 10% reported being overweight, 45, male, its life shorter than normal weight is 4 years, according to the statistical data show that the standard mortality rate of 100% percent, fat person mortality was 127.9%. ­

(2) prone to coronary heart disease and high blood pressure, obesity increased adipose tissue, oxygen consumption increased, the heart of large amount of work, make the myocardial hypertrophy, especially left ventricular burden, time easy to cause high blood pressure. Lipid deposition in the arterial wall, cause, luminal stenosis sclerosis, prone to coronary heart disease, angina, stroke, and sudden death. ­ ­

(3) affect the labor force, are vulnerable to injury ­ obese people often can't stand the heat, sweat, body fatigue, lower extremity edema, varicose veins, suffering from dermatitis and other skin fold place, severely obese people, has been slow to act, have difficulty in walking activity, activity is flustered shortness of breath a little, so that affect the normal life, serious and even lead to loss of labor. Because obese action slow response, but also vulnerable to all kinds of injury, traffic accident, fractures and sprains, etc.

(4) was susceptible to endocrine and metabolic diseases ­ with obesity caused by abnormal metabolism, endocrine, often can cause many diseases. Sugar metabolism disorders can lead to diabetes, fat metabolism disorders can cause hyperlipidemia, nucleic acid metabolism disorders can cause high blood uric acid, etc. Obese women with ovarian dysfunction can cause menstruation to be not moved. ­

(5) have a bad effect on lung function of lung function is to supply oxygen to the body and the discharge of carbon dioxide. Obese people need because of the weight gain more oxygen, but lung can't subsequently and increase the function, at the same time, the obese abdominal and adipose accumulation and limits the lungs breathing exercises, so can result in a lack of oxygen and breathing difficulties, resulting in cardiopulmonary function failure. ­

(6) easy cause liver lesions ­ due to the internal cause of obese hyperinsulinemia triglyceride synthesis of hyperthyroidism, can cause in the liver synthesis of triglycerides accumulation and formation of fatty liver. Obese, compared with normal cholesterol levels in the bile acid increased, more than the solubility of bile, so fat person easily complicated by high cholesterol stone, there are reports of cholelith disease women 50 ~ 80% are obese. During surgery, accounting for about 30% by the height of the obese people with gallstones. Cholelith disease in the following cases of the disease: more obese women, aged 40, obese and normal weight women than about six times higher incidence of the gallstones. ­

(7) can increase the difficulty of operation, postoperative infectious ­ obesity increases the risk of anesthesia, the wound after the operation, easy to crack, hypostatic pneumonia infection complications such as multiple opportunities are less fat. ­

Joint disease (8) can cause ­ weight gain can make a lot of joints, such as the spine, shoulder, elbow, hip, foot joints) pain due to wear and tear. ­

4 etiology and risk factors ­

(1) genetic factors ­ genes play an important role in the occurrence of obesity. Studies have shown that genetic degree and distribution of body fat is as high as 65% to 80%, and the height of the hereditary. Found at present already had more than 200 kinds of genetic loci associated with the occurrence of obesity, more genes participate in and interact with the environment is that most people obesity. From the perspective of human evolution, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and other diseases of the dramatic increase in the incidence of the reason is that our inner gene spectrum and does not adapt the environment that we live today, our ancestors for millions of years of evolution, its survival is always suffering from lack of food, starvation, gradually formed a set of human against hunger reaction system; Instead after human hunger is lifted, the body has not been effective against the mechanism of these changes, which causes the corresponding diseases such as obesity incidence increased. ­

(2) low energy intake too much and exercise ­ today's food is more and more people is enough, with the change of light exercise lifestyle is the leading cause of obesity increased external factors. Watching TV and playing video games with the incidence of child and adolescent obesity has a strong correlation, often accompanied by eating snacks while watching TV behavior, increased energy intake, reduce the energy consumption at the same time. 1 h someone found a day watching TV, playing video games in the children's risk of obesity by up to 12%, and obesity among children watch TV every day more than 3 h as high as 31.2%. In addition with the use of organic and inorganic chemical materials, human survival environment has changed. Some chemicals (such as certain pesticides, plant hormone, synthetic detergent, petroleum products, etc.) in large doses can cause weight loss, but small doses can lead to weight gain. Chemical poisons may has a connection with obesity incidence increased year by year, but its mechanism is still need to be further confirmed. ­

(3) high birth weight and low birth weight ­ of low birth weight children malnutrition due to the fetal intrauterine environment, in order to ensure the important organs such as the growth of the brain and to reduce the nutrition of the internal organs. The internal organs to low metabolic state is led to the development of the internal organs of potential anomalies. When in the relative excess nutrition after birth environment, a growth pursued and make the internal organs function imbalance, metabolic disorders, obesity, type 2 diabetes insulin resistance metabolic disease characterized. High birth weight is also an important risk factor for childhood obesity. To Beijing in 2001 of nearly 10, 6 to 8 years old children in survey found that with the increase of birth weight, increase sharply rising obesity rates, reach or exceed 4000 g, after more than a third of children are overweight and obesity, look from obesity, low birth weight children with mild obesity is given priority to, while high birth weight with moderately severe majority. ­ ­

5, swimming is the safest, most effective, the most ideal means of weight loss: ­ medical scientist, sports health experts around the world, after years of tracking and research that the obese, in all kinds of method reducing weight, exercise is the most safe and effective means of weight loss; In various kinds of sports, swimming is the best exercise to lose weight. According to experts at home and abroad research thinks, the most effective means of fighting against obesity, is to increase the body's energy consumption.

(1) when swimming, because the water is denser than air (800 times), and on the land to run 100 meters consumes about 146300 calories, to swim in the water 100 meters consumes 271700 kilojoules of heat. ­

(2) the thermal conductivity of the water is 25 times greater than the air, the water temperature is much lower than temperature of swimming place, generally lower above 10 ℃, therefore, fat people is to soak in the water, more heat will be lost. Tests show that the water in 12 ℃ for 4 minutes to send out quantity of heat is equal to the same temperature by heat coming from the 1 hour on land. ­

(3) plus swimming is systemic aerobic exercise. When swimming body big muscles have to sport, and the consumption of fat people swimming body heat is much bigger than on land movement, thus faster consumption excess fat in the body. Energy consumption vary according to the test, strokes. Back one minute to use up 12500 calories, breast minute consume 22200 calories, freestyle use up 54300 calories in a minute. Under visible, at the same time, the intensity of exercise, water sports consume far more energy than the land, and the heat mainly comes from the consumption of sugar and fat in the body. ­ ­

6 the method reducing weight, children's swimming: ­ the treatment of childhood obesity is different from the adult obesity, children have the characteristics of growth and development, any measures should not interfere with children's normal growth and development, so the weight loss surgery remove grease, drug, such as hunger therapy in children is unfavorable use. Recognized at home and abroad for the treatment of childhood obesity is including behavior modification, diet and exercise, integrative treatment. ­

(1) behavior modification ­ for a variety of psychological behavior of children with behavior disorder is the most effective treatment is a behavior modification techniques, for so closely associated with behavior of childhood obesity. System, comprehensive, long-term use of positive reinforcement (reward), negative reinforcement, alternative role models (parents) and so on behavior modification techniques of obese children sports and eating behavior management, is the main means to control children's weight gain. Reward the movement behavior of children, strictly limit the children close to high heat, high fat and high sugar foods; Limit the time watching TV and playing video games, which is in the current has a special significance. ­

(2) the dietotherapy ­ first three meals a day reasonable distribution, accounted for 33% of total food all day breakfast, lunch is occupied 45%, dinner is 20%. Diet should pay attention to balanced diet. To compute the amount of calories to the diet of the method is not accurate, and more difficult to perform, the most practical and effective method is based on the reducing the intake of energy-dense foods and high-glycemic foods. For a large quantity of staple food children, should limit amount of staple food, meal first decreased 1/3, gradually to reduce 1/2, eat slowly, through the diet adjustment, won't cause harm to children's growth, but also could not have a significant effect in the short term. A 6-7 years old children, even if something is not to eat, also want to 3-4 days to minus 1 kg weight, therefore the parents should have the perseverance, let the children stick to eating. ­

(3) the exercise therapy ­ exercise prescription for obese children requires the exercise intensity to achieve maximum oxygen consumption 50% - 60% medium intensity exercise, or 50% - 50% of maximum heart rate, pulse of general motion around 150 times/min is suitable, this will not make children too fatigue intensity, and can effectively use body fat, also can have the effect of suppressing appetite. Carry momentum is too big, not conducive to children's health, and physical activity is too small, less energy consumption not only, and can increase appetite, to reach the effect reducing weight. Exercise the cumulative 40-60 min every day, 5 days per week, only effective good effect reducing weight. Generally adhere to 2-3 months, obesity will fall. ­

(4) the perseverance, stick to constantly ­ research proves that if fat people swimming 45 minutes every day, did not increase the diet, lose weight 350 grams. If I can insist on swimming more than four months, 15% ~ 20% of overweight obesity can largely be back to normal weight, and body will become well-balanced, muscle will be more solid and strong.